Prepositional Phrase

Prepositional Phrase

Definition: a prepositional phrase is the preposition an the noun following it.

The preposition is in the head position,and the noun is in the complement position.

Here are other examples of preposition phrase:

-       The man is from Japan

-       We will discuss the matter after breakfast

-       She put the book on the table

Perfect tense

       Perfect tense to respond & express the meaning nuance & the rhetorical steps within the short functional & simple monolog essay taxt in the form. Perfect tense is formed by combining have/has with the main verb past participle form : I have arrived

	Have/has + past participle

1)      Regular verb. Add +ed or +d on past& past participle

Ex : I have cleaned the blackboard

2)      Irregular verb

      Ex :  - Buy → Bought

-   do→ done

-   get→ got

-   etc.

(+) The students have entered tha classs

(-)  The student have not entered the class

(?)  Have the students entered the class ?

(+) S + have / has + VIII

(-)  S +have / has  +not + VIII

(?)  Have / Has + S + VIII ?

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Present Tense

       Present Tense  to respond & express the meaning within simple monologue text that use the variety of writing accurate, fluently, & uses in habitual activities to access knowledge in recount text.

A.     Verbal Sentence

Affirmative Form

(+) S + V_I ( +es / +s ) + object + adverb

Negative Form 

 (-) S + do/does + not +V_I + object + adverb

Interrogative Form 

 (?) Do/does + S + V_I + object + adverb ?

B.     Non Verbal Sentence

Affirmative Form

(+) S + to be + noun/ adjective/adverb

Negative Form

(-) S + to be + not + noun /adjective/adverb

Interrogative Form

            (?) To be + S + noun/adjective/adverb ?

Past Tense

Past Tense
Past tense is to tell the events or incidents at the past time.
Past tense is used :

• When the speaker thinks of an activity or state as occurred and complete at a specific time in the past
• For a non-fact in the present or future  time.This is traditionally called the” subjunctive mood “.

Example : If I had the money now,I’d buy a car.

• To refer a single event on the past

Example : I called Mary last night.

• The past habitual action.

Example : We went to school together,and we shared many experinces.

The  Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense is kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past.
Adverbs used: yesterday,last night ,last week,two days ago,a few minutes ago,last weekend ,last month ,last years,in 1984,etc

• Simple past for regular verbs is added by- ed to the root of a word.

Example : She worked at the office yesterday.

• A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form.

Example : She did not work at the office yesterday.

Question sentence are started with did as in Did  she work at the office yesterday ?
Verbal
There are two pattern of Simple Past Tense :
1.( + ) Subject + verb II + complement
( -  ) Subject + did not + verb I + complement
( ?  ) Did + subject + verb I ?
Nominal
2. ( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Object
( – ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Not + Object
( ? ) To be ( was/ were ) + Subject + Object ?
Past Continuonus Tense
Past Continuonus Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain in the past.
As with the present tense,the continuous aspect that the activity is in progress ,or that it is uncompleted ,at  the specified time.
The Pattern :
( +  ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + verb – ing + complement
(  -  ) Subject + was not / were not + verb- ing + complement
( ?   ) Was/were + subject + verb-ing + complement ?

ANNOUNCEMENT

Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) 

Announcement adalah sebuah pemberitahuan atau sebuah pengunguman ...

Misalnya pengumuman libur sekolah dll.... 

* In Writing an announcement keep following this point :

1. The title / type of event.

2. Date / time, place.

3. Contact person. 

* We can find the announcement on :

1. Television.

2. Radio.

3. Newspaper.                                                           

4. Billboard.

5. Megazine.

6. etc.

* An announcement usually starts with an expression yo get peoples attention, such as " Attention, please ". It 

usually ended with an expression of thanking

Greeting

GREETINGS

Greeting is an act of communication  in which human beings (as well as other members of the animal kingdom) intentionally  make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other. While greeting customs  are highly culture- and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on social status and relationship, they exist in all known human cultures. Greetings can be expressed both audibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two. This topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but includes rituals other than gestur

es.

  



Greeting adalah bagaimana cara kita menyapa atau menyambut seseorang...  

Greetings can in the form of :
-, Written
-, Voice mail
-, Card                                                           

Example of greetings :
-, Greetings.
1. Good morning, good day, good afternoon, good evening
*biasanya di pakai ketika bertemu seseorang*

-, Introducing.
1. Let me introduce my self, ...
2. Hi, my name is (your name).
*kalau FORMAL, harus diawali dengan EXCUSE ME, bla...bla...bla...*

-, Leave taking.
1. Good night
*biasa dipakai ketika ingin berpisah atau salam pengantar tidur, yaa, kaya di pelem-pelem barat*
2. See you tomorrow.
3. See you later.

Present Tense

Present tense is simple form which used to express situation going into effect.

Present tense adalah bentuk (kalimat) sederhana yang digunakan untuk situasi yang berlaku (sekarang).

Simple present tense is used for :

• Express habit, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situation, emotions and whised.

• Give instruction or direction.

• To express arrangement.

Dalam menggunakan Present tense kita juga harus menggunakan rumus

PATTERNS (Using verbs)

(+)  SUBJECT + VERB₁ + COMPLEMENT/OBJECT.

(-)   SUBJECT + DO/DOES + NOT + VERB₁ + COMPLEMENT/OBJECT.

(?)   DO/DOES + SUBJECT + VERB₁ + COMPLEMENT 

PATTERNS (using be)

(+)   SUBJECT + TO BE (IS, AM, ARE) + COMPLEMENT.

(-)    SUBJECT + TO BE (IS, AM, ARE) + NOT + COMPLEMENT.

(?)    TO BE (IS, AM, ARE) + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT.

Example:

(+) 1. Idrink coffee
      2. She drinks coffe   

(-)  1. I do not drink coffee.
       2. She does not drink coffee

(?)  1. Do you drink cofee?

1.                   2. DOES She drink coffee?

2.        

Untuk I, WE, YOU, THEY tambah DO
Untuk SHE, HE, IT, Doni, Kira tambah DOES

Appointment

APPOINTMENT

Appointment is a kind of expression which is used to conduct an appointment.

Kind of appointment expression are :

1. Making an appointment.

·   I’d like to make an appointment with……….

·   I want to make an appointment to see…………..

·   I’d like you to come and see me.

·   Can we meet at………..

·   Can I come and see you?

2. Accepting an appointment.

·   All right, see you there.

·   I’ll be there.

·   Be there on time.

·   OK, wait a minute.

·   Yes, I’ll come.

·   I’ll wait for you there.

·   No problem, I’m free on.

·   It’s a deal.

·   Surely.

3. Cancelling an appointment.

·   I’m sorry, I can’t.

·   I’m sorry, I’m very busy.

·   I’m terrible sorry, I have to put of my appointment.

·   I’m sorry, I can’t come to meet you, because I must to do something.

4. Changing an appointment.

·  What about…………….?

·   Is that OK if we meet at 10.00am tomorrow.

·   Do you have another time this afternoon?

·   Could we change the day (time) of the meeting?

PAST TENSE

PAST TENSE

• Simple Past Tense
Simple past tense is used to indicate the activity in the past.

 The Formula Without Verb :
(+) S + to be ( was / were ) + obj. / comp
(-) S + to be ( was / were ) + not + obj. / comp
(?) To be ( was / were ) + S + obj. / comp. +?


Example        :  (+)   I was at mall last night.
                        (-)    I was not at mall last night.
                        (?)    Was I at mall last night ?

 The Formula with Verb :
(+) S + V2 + obj. / comp
(-) S + did + not + V1 + obj. / comp
(?) Did + S + V1 + obj. / comp. + ?

Example       :   (+)   I called him last night.
                        (-)    I did not call him last night.
                        (?)    Did I call him last night.

• Past Continuous Tense
The functions of the past continuous tense are :
1). To indicate that one action was in progress when another action occurred.
Example : I was watching film when you come here.
2). To indicate that two actions were in progress simultaneously.
Example : My mother was washing while my father was reading a newspaper.
3). To indicate an action that happened at a certain time in the past.
Example : I was having an examination at this time last year.

 The Formula of Past Continuous Tense :
(+) S + to be + ( was / were ) + V1 + ing + comp
(-) S + to be ( was / were ) + not + V1 + ing + comp.
(?) To be ( was / were ) + S + V1 + ing + comp. + ?

Example       :    (+)   They were having lunch when I arrived.
                         (-)   They were not having lunch when I arrived.
                         (?)   Were they having lunch when I arrived ?

• Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect tense is used to indicate an action that had happened in the past and had finished.

 The formula Without Verb :
(+) S + had + been + comp
(-) S + had + not + been + comp.
(?) Had + S + been + comp. + ?

Example         :   (+)   We had been at home for 3 hours.
                          (-)   We had not been at home for 3 hours.
                          (?)   Had we been at home for 3 hours.

 The Formula with Verb :
(+) S + had + V3 + comp
(-) S + had + not + comp
(?) Had + S + V3 + comp. + ?

Example        :    (+)   She had washed the clothes.
                          (-)   She had not washed the clothes.
                          (?)   Had she washed the clothes ?
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past perfect continuous tense is used to indicate that an action was in progress and happened in the past.

The Formula of Past Perfect Continuous Tense :
(+) S + had + been + V1 + ing + comp.
(-) S + had + not + been + V1 + ing + comp.
(?) Had + S + been + V1 + ing + comp. + ?

Example       :    (+)   He had been watching TV when I called him yesterday.
                         (-)   He had not been watching TV when I called him yesterday.
                         (?)   Had he been watching TV when I called him yesterday ?

GIVING INSTRUCTION

GIVING INSTRUCTION

Giving instruction is an expression for give or ask somebody to do something that we want.

Giving instruction same with imperative sentences.

Giving instruction are :

1. Command. 

• Verb (+ O).

Example : Watch out, come here, etc.

• Please + V (+ O).

Example : Please clean your room.

• V (+ O) + Please.

Example : Wash this towel, please.

2. Prohibition.

•  Don’t + V (+ O).

Example : Don’t close it!

• Don’t + V (+ O) + Please.

Example : Don’t be noise, please.

• Would you mind not + V-ing (+ O).

Example : Would you mind not reading my diary.

Kinds of giving instruction :

-          Verb 1.

Example :

·         Wash your hand.

·         Eat your meal.

·         Sit down.

-          Be + adjective.

Example :

·         Be your self.

·         Be a good student.

·         Be strong.

·         Be happy.

-          Don’t + V-infinitive.

Example :

·         Don’t armb!

·         Don’t eat!

·         Don’t approach!

·         Don’t disturb!

·         Don’t touch!

-          No + V-ing.

Example :

·         No smoking!

·         No swimming!

·         No parking!  

·         No fishing!

Shympathy Expressions

SYMPATHY EXPRESSION

Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other people’s condition.

How can we give sympathy expression to someone?
We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (SMS), e-mail, television, radio, and newspaper if he/she who got the trouble is far from us.

Several expressions of sympathy :

• I’d like to express my deepest condolences
• I’m sorry to hear that
• I’m awfully sorry about…
• Oh, how awful!
• Oh, dear!
• You must be very upset
• Oh, what a shame
•  How pity you are!
• How terrible / awful for you

Example of dialogue that expresses sympathy in a certain situation :
Santi  : Hey ! What’s wrong with you ?
Nanda : My homework is lost. I forget to put in my bag.
Santi  : I’m sorry to hear that

Gaining Attention

GAINING ATTENTION

Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to.

We may use the expression likes :

• Attention, please!
• May / can I have your attention, please!
• Excuse me, look here!
• Look me!
• Listen to me, please!
• Waiter?
• I’m sorry, but…
• Wow really?
• Guess what!
• I hope you can attention me!
• Silent, please!
• Be quite!
• Don’t be noisy!

If we want to responding that gaining attention, we can use the expressions likes:

• I’m listening!
• I’m ready to hear now!
• Let’s hear together!
• Oh sure, I’m look at you now! 
• Okay, I’m listening to you!

Asking If Someone Remember or Not

Formal expressions:

Ø I wonder if you remember.....

Ø You remember...., don’t you?

Ø You haven’t forgotten...., have you?

Ø Don’t you remember.....?

Ø Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:

Ø Let me think, yes, I remember.

Ø I remember especially the scenery.

Ø I’ll never forget that

Ø I’ll always remember.

Ø I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:

Ø Remember the old house we used to live in?

Ø Remember that?

Ø I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ways to respond:

Ø Hold on. Yes, got it!

Ø I know.....

Ø It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:

Ø Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.

Ø I’m affraid I forget.

Ø I really can’t remember.

Ø I’m afraid I have no memory of him

Ø Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.

Ø Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example..

It was Sunday morning, Irun got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her father was a little puzzled.

Father : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?

Irun : Yes, Father. I overslept. I’m in a hurry

Father : You remember Sunday, don’t you?

Irun : Oh, my goodnes. I thought it’s a school day !